Study on Off-design Operating Characteristics of Cold-end System for SCO2 Cycle Matching Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Small Reactor
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摘要: 高温氟盐堆与超临界二氧化碳（SCO2）布雷顿循环耦合的小型发电系统具有高效、紧凑和高固有安全性而被认为在小型核动力/核发电领域具有良好发展前景。本文针对高温氟盐堆与SCO2布雷顿循环的耦合系统开展了系统优化设计与变工况运行特性研究。基于高温氟盐堆热端特征和冷端环境条件设计和对比了多种循环构型下的系统性能，发现对于2种反应堆循环回路系统，采用再压缩循环在循环热效率和紧凑性综合方面具有优势，在此基础上研究了冷端系统SCO2布雷顿循环系统变工况运行特性，发现当主压缩入口温度改变时，采用定压比运行模式不仅循环效率高，且对冷端环境温度变化适应性范围也大。因此当环境温度变化时，布雷顿循环推荐采用定压比运行模式。Abstract: The small power generation system of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) Brayton cycle coupled with fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature small reactor is considered to have a good development prospect in the field of small nuclear power/nuclear power generation because of its high efficiency, compactness and high inherent safety. In this paper, the optimization design and off-design operation characteristics of cold-side for supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle are studied. Based on the Fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature small reactor characteristics and environment conditions, various SCO2 cycle configurations are compared, and it is found that the main compressor interstage cooling and reheat can improve thermal efficiency, but increase of limited, and extra heat exchangers are added. Then, the off-design operation characteristics of SCO2 cycle cold side system is investigated. The operation mode with constant pressure ratio not only has high cycle efficiency, but also has a wide adaptability range to the temperature change of the environment. Therefore, the constant pressure ratio operation mode is recommended for SCO2 cycle when the ambient temperature changes.
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图 1 高温氟盐堆氟盐回路示意图
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Fluorine Loop in Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Small Reactor
图 2 直接回路下不同主压缩机设计入口温度下的循环热效率对比
Figure 2. Comparison of Direct Loop Cycle Thermal Efficiency at Different Designed Compressor Inlet Temperatures
图 3 耦合高温氟盐堆的含一次再热和主压缩机级间冷却循环系统构型示意图
Figure 3. Configuration Diagram of SCO2 Cycle with Main Compressor Interstage Cooling and Reheating for Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Small Reactor
图 4 间接回路下不同主压缩机设计入口温度下系统循环热效率对比
Figure 4. Comparison of Indirect Loop System Thermal Efficiency at Different Designed Compressor Inlet Temperatures
图 5 不同氟盐回路方式下的循环系统热效率对比
Figure 5. Comparison of Cycle System Thermal Efficiency Under Different Fluorinated Salt Loops
图 6 定压比条件下压缩机入口温度变化导致简单回热循环系统关键参数变化规律
Figure 6. Variation of Key Parameters of Simple Cycle System with Change of Main Compressor Inlet Temperature under Constant Pressure Ratio Conditions
图 7 定压比条件下主压缩机入口温度变化导致再压缩循环系统关键参数变化规律
Figure 7. Parameters Variation of Recompression Cycle System with Change of Main Compressor Designed Inlet Temperature Tc,in under Constant Pressure Ratio Conditions
图 8 定转速模式下主压缩机入口温度变化导致SCO2布雷顿循环系统关键参数变化规律
Figure 8. Parameters Variation of SCO2 Cycle System with Change of Main Compressor Designed Inlet Temperature Tc,in under Constant Speed Operation Mode
图 9 不同主压缩机运行方式下的循环热效率对比
Figure 9. Comparison of Cycle Thermal Efficiency under Different Main Compressor Operating Modes
表 1 高温氟盐堆耦合SCO2布雷顿循环边界参数
Table 1. Boundary Parameters of SCO2 Brayton Cycle in Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Small Reactor
参数 数值 参数 数值 一回路出口温度/℃ 700 一回路入口温度/℃ 600 循环最高温度/℃ 直接回路：680
间接回路：650热功率/MW 15 最小温差/℃ 5 热端最小端差/℃ 20 压缩机等熵效率/% 85 透平等熵效率/% 90 透平入口压力/MPa 25 最小夹点温差/℃ 3 换热器热侧压损/kPa 50 换热器水侧压损/kPa 100 
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表 2 计算模型验证
Table 2. Model Validation
参数 设计工况 变工况 本模型 文献[18] 本模型 文献[18] 循环效率/% 44.62 44.67 40.50 40.46 循环吸热量/MW 10 10 5.22 5.22 循环工质流量/(kg·s−1) 51.76 51.76 35.8 35.9 分流比 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 循环压比 2.78 2.78 2.10 2.10 最低温度/℃ 41 41 50 50 最高温度/℃ 550 550 550 550
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