Research on the Characteristics of Personnel Situation Awareness under the Intelligent Control System of Nuclear Power Plants
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摘要: 核电厂智能化技术的应用，使核电厂运行控制更加集中化、自动化，同时也带来了新的、更深层次的人因问题。情境意识（SA）作为复杂人-机系统下影响人员效能的重要因素，有必要开展核电厂智能控制系统下的人员SA特征与提升手段研究。本文以控制系统自动化水平[智能控制系统对比数字化控制系统（DCS）]为自变量，选取典型场景开展实验，运用多模态生理测量技术与主观量表，辨识智能控制系统下人员SA特征，并提出SA失误预防措施。实验结果表明，相较于DCS，智能控制系统应用下操纵员的皮肤电导数据和注视点个数呈现显著性差异；操纵员为确保自动动作按时执行，注意力水平趋于集中，且沟通频率变低；操纵员注视点个数显著增多，操纵员更多地关注界面中参数的变化情况。智能控制系统在事故发生和事故处理阶段对人员的情境意识水平要求更高，但注意力水平/情绪唤醒度在事故情况下是逐步升高的，无法在事故发生和处理阶段快速达到最高水平，可能存在需求与实际不匹配的情况。本文研究可为核电厂智能控制系统在主控室应用的设计优化与落地提供人因数据与理论支持。Abstract: The application of intelligent technology in Nuclear power plants (NPPs) has made the operation and control more centralized and automated, while also bringing new and deeper human factors issues. As situational awareness (SA) is an important factor affecting personnel efficiency in complex human-machine systems, it is necessary to conduct research on the characteristics and improvement methods of personnel SA in intelligent control systems of NPPs. This article takes the automation level of control systems [intelligent control systems VS digital control systems (DCS)] as the independent variable, selects typical scenarios for experiments, uses multimodal physiological measurement techniques and subjective scales to identify the SA characteristics of personnel under intelligent control systems, and proposes preventive measures for SA errors. The experimental results show that, compared with the DCS, there is a significant difference in the skin conductance data and fixation point data of the operator under the application of intelligent control system; The operator's attention level tends to be focused and communication frequency decreases to ensure that automatic actions are executed on time; The number of points that the operator focuses on has significantly increased, and the operator pays more attention to the changes in parameters on the interface. The intelligent control system requires a higher level of SA of personnel in the accident occurrence and handling stages, but the level of attention/emotional arousal gradually increases in the event of an accident, and it may not be possible to quickly reach the highest level during the accident occurrence and handling stage, which may result in a mismatch between needs and reality. This study provides human factors data and theoretical support for the design optimization and implementation of intelligent control systems in the main control room of NPPs.
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图 1 DCS/智能控制系统下操纵员皮电数据可视化
Figure 1. Visualized Skin Conductance Data of Operators under DCS/ Intelligent Control System
图 2 DCS/智能控制系统下操纵员心率数据可视化
Figure 2. Visualized Heart Rate Data of Operators under DCS/ Intelligent Control System
表 1 生理数据的描述性统计结果
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of Physiological Data
数据类型 事故阶段 均值 标准偏差 皮电/μS 阶段一 3.448 1.586 阶段二 4.162 1.742 阶段三 4.701 2.317 阶段四 4.664 1.928 心率/min−1 阶段一 78.625 5.680 阶段二 80.500 6.502 阶段三 80.500 4.174 阶段四 78.000 5.345 注视点个数 阶段一 672.375 155.496 阶段二 666.375 160.377 阶段三 715.250 161.670 阶段四 573.250 142.638 平均注视时长/s 阶段一 0.503 0.174 阶段二 0.566 0.146 阶段三 0.618 0.148 阶段四 0.616 0.223 瞳孔直径/mm 阶段一 3.420 0.467 阶段二 3.467 0.523 阶段三 3.098 0.428 阶段四 3.226 0.342 
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表 2 不同阶段生理数据的重复测量方差分析结果
Table 2. Repeated Measures ANOVA of Physiological Data at Different Stages
数据类型 F值 显著性值 皮电 4.279 0.017 心率 2.060 0.136 注视点个数 4.895 0.010 注视时长 2.163 0.123 瞳孔直径 3.703 0.028 F值—F检验的统计量
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